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We know that the money today is fiat currency, that it is money because the government says it's so. So when new money is printed or loaned out to the commercial banks by buying treasury bonds, government does not technically "owe" any thing. The only thing that is stopping it from creating new money every time need arises is the possibility of inflation.

Given all of that why is still money in circulation listed as a liability of the central bank? Am I missing something here?

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Balance sheets always balance, so assets equal liabilities.

Imagine a commercial bank goes to the central bank and wants cash. The central bank provides the cash, but asks for some of the commercial bank's loans (or government bonds) in return.

The central bank now has the loans (or government bonds) as assets and the cash as liabilities.

The cash is a liability, because if the commercial bank goes back to the central bank and gives back the cash, the central bank will have to give back the loans (or government bonds).

So while it's true that cash is not backed by gold, it is still backed by something. You can take your cash to the central bank, exchange it for government bonds, earn cash interest on your government bonds and then use this cash to pay your taxes. More generally cash is backed by the goods that you can purchase for it.

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  • $\begingroup$ The point being here that even government bonds yield their returns in cash, which is again printed by government. The only thing that it is balanced by seems to be taxes, sounds like the chartalist theory of money. So my understanding is that it is more of an accounting thing rather than anything else. Please correct me if I am wrong. $\endgroup$ – Kiran Yallabandi Aug 22 '17 at 12:04
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    $\begingroup$ Yes, money is valuable because you can use it to pay your taxes. So the baker will take your money, because he knows he can use it to pay his taxes. However, money is also valuable, because you trust the central bank to keep money growth in line with economic growth and keep inflation low. When this breaks down, money can become pretty worthless, as many historical examples demonstrate, and people indeed abandon it and start using US dollars, gold or cigarettes. $\endgroup$ – M3RS Aug 22 '17 at 12:22
  • $\begingroup$ So I agree with you, fiat money is something delicate and it can quickly become worthless if trust evaporates. $\endgroup$ – M3RS Aug 22 '17 at 12:23
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From BOJ

The Bank started to issue banknotes in 1885. At that time, the banknotes were convertible notes whose convertibility to silver was guaranteed. Thereafter, when the gold standard was adopted, the banknotes became convertible to gold. Under these systems, the Bank was required to hold gold or silver equivalent to the amount of banknotes issued so as to meet the demand to exchange banknotes for gold or silver at any time. In this sense, it can be said that the banknotes represented the liability certificate issued by the Bank. Given this, the Bank recorded gold and silver as assets and banknotes as liabilities on its balance sheet.

These reserve requirements were later abolished. In the meantime, a view began to take hold that the stability of the value of banknotes should be maintained through the appropriate conduct of monetary policy by the Bank, rather than through a direct link with the value of assets held by the Bank. In this regard, banknotes continue to represent the liability certificate -- of which the credibility must be ensured by the Bank -- and are still on the liability side of the Bank's balance sheet. Such accounting treatment of banknotes is commonly applied among other major central banks.

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 Suppose that you(Mr.A) set up a Corporate-Body(=X)by contributing $D.So now X's balance sheet will show $D as (equity-)Liability toward Mr.A.
 Now suppose X(the Corporate body)lends a $D loan to Mr.B.This loan is shown as Asset in X's balance sheet.So...liability=asset.
 Now put X=central bank.....and most shockingly,(Mr.A)=(Mr.B)=(Federal Government).
 And now suddenly you realise the accounting miracle..where Governmant itself is both debtor and creditor.
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