# Information sets game theory

I'm studying game thoery and i'm on extensive form games. One thing I don't understand in my textbook is the following:

I would like to clarify exactly what does an information set mean by the example I drew in the first picture.

So, by what I understand, red player (second player), has 3 information sets. So, on each information set, he has 2 actions. So in total, he has 6 strategies (not $$2\times 2 \times 2 =8$$). Would this be right? Did I understand the definition of information set right?

Also, if there was no dotted line, i.e the red player knows what the blue player did, would there be a difference in what is the information set? As in the red player would have 1 information set instead of 3? So this would mean he has 2 strategies.

If someone could clarify these concepts for me that would be great as I have trouble understanding these

As a first point, in general, the dotted line indicates that the nodes are in the same information set. So in your example, there is a single information set for the Red player and as such she has 2 actions---since she cannot tell which of the 3 nodes she is in, she cannot condition her action on this information, and therefore must take the same action (either left ($$l$$) or right ($$r$$)) irrespective of her position.
If, instead, there was no dotted line, then the Red player would know which action the Blue player had taken: lets call them $$L$$, $$M$$, or $$R$$. Contrary to your understanding, in this situation, the Red player does indeed have 8 strategies. Specifically, she can choose to play $$l$$ or $$r$$ conditional on each of the three actions she might observes Blue play: letting $$(x,y,z) \in \{l,r\}^{3}$$ denote the strategy where Red plays $$x \in \{l,r\}$$ conditional on $$L$$, $$y \in \{l,r\}$$ conditional on $$M$$, and $$z \in \{l,r\}$$ conditional on $$R$$, the 8 strategies are
$$(l,l,l),(l,l,r),(l,r,r),(l,r,l),(r,l,l),(r,l,r),(r,r,r),(r,r,l)$$
The combinatorial explosion in the strategy space comes from the fact that each of these choices can be made independently.1 So changing what the Red player will do after the choice of $$L$$ by the Blue player yields two strategies for every fixed choice out of the other information sets. When there are more periods of play, this growth becomes very very fast (I remember in grad school calculating the number of strategies in tic-tac-toe to be much larger than the atoms in the observable universe). On the other hand, having many strategies does not make the game necessarily more complicated, as many of the strategies may be identified via symmetry or other heuristics.