# Why do companies push users to use inferior software?

Sometimes, companies influence users in order to make them use inferior software and other services. For example, Microsoft makes it difficult to use anything other than Bing for Cortana, even though Google is mostly considered to be better. Similarly, Siri uses Safari instead of Chrome and it is difficult to change this, even though the latter is generally considered superior.

At first glance, the answer seems obvious: companies push users to use their products because they are the ones who get revenue from their own products, due to advertisements in search results.

However, this answer seems insufficient. Suppose Microsoft generates $n$ USD in revenue per unit time from using Bing with Cortana. It seems reasonable to suppose that if Cortana had used Google, Google would generate $n + \epsilon$ USD per unit time from her, where $\epsilon > 0$ due to Cortana using a superior search engine, which would cause her her to be at least slightly more popular. If this is the case, why doesn't Microsoft make Cortana use Google under the condition that Google gives $n + \epsilon'$ to Microsoft, where $0 < \epsilon' < \epsilon$? Wouldn't this roughly give Microsoft an additional $\epsilon' > 0$ in profit and give Google an additional $\epsilon - \epsilon' > 0$? If Microsoft using Google would further increase Google's name recognition and decrease Microsoft's, then why not just increase $\epsilon'$ to take this into account?

There are a lot of factors that can explain why they do not. The stackexchange says to avoid "Making statements based on opinion;" but I do not think that this is possible. There is most likely no one answer to this, and I would mark it a behavioral economic question instead of just micro economics. This answer assumes that your example gives each firm an additional profit.

1) Microeconomics assumes that each firm acts rationally; that is maximizes utility. Traditionally this means maximizing profit. This major assumption has been proved wrong again and again, and evidence suggest that the pure neo-classical model is not a sufficient indicator of firms actions.

2) While the end result of a contract will lead to a higher profit, the transaction cost between the firms may be high. Transaction Cost Theory basically adds friction to the invisible hand of neo-classical economics. Read the introduction, section 2.2-.3, and all of section 3.1. The external transaction cost between the two firms would be huge. Both companies are opportunistic, both firms have their own strategic intent, and assume both firms would not trust each other. What would have to result is an extremely ridged contract trying to encompass all possibilities, which can offset the additional profit both would obtain and lead to an extremely bureaucratic system that is not a characteristic of a successful tech company. For example, if I was using a Windows Cortana and searched via a joint venture with Google for a pc, would my search be directed to Microsoft's store or Google's store? A better example would Googles licensing rights. Would google be able to license it's product to other firms. If it was, it could charge a lower price else where via more favorable terms and undercut Microsoft all together (much like Microsoft did to IBM with DOS). If it couldn't, it would be depended to Microsoft, something the firm certainly does not need.

3) Google is dealing with anti-trust suits in Europe. For Google, teaming up with Microsoft to gain further market share would not go well in their efforts to prove they are not a monopoly, and it may bring anti-trust suit in the US. For Microsoft, given their history, I am positive they want to stay as far away from this as possible.

4) Potential may be the most over valued asset. While a search engine is valuable today, in the future having your own may be infinitely valuable. I am not a tech guy, but I can see the value in controlling what people find when they search certain key words. The short-term lose of potential profits as a result of an inferior search engine can be far out weighed by devolving one that meets industry standards. Add that with the fact that Microsoft's core business (OS) is not going to be undermined by a poor search engine, I can understand why they want to deploy their own.

As I said earlier, these are just possibilities, and a combination of factors leads them not to collaborate.

I think the answer to your question is at its very heart competition. Taking your example into mind, I would think that Microsoft as a whole knows that Bing is not yet as good as Google Search, but they want to be as good as or better. They try to create features Google Search may not have(like Cortana) and try to do their best to compete. If everyone had just said "The model-T is obviously a superior car(which it was the day it was made), let's just drive that and not try to make anything better, we would all still be driving Model-T's.

• Why would exclusively using the best prevent creating better? – Kelmikra Nov 25 '15 at 2:00
• If everyone just used the "best" product in any category, where would the incentive to compete come from? Why would you even try to spend money and time making a product, knowing you would not get any market share at all unless it was the "best" right out of the gate? Where is your room for competition? – JGTaylor Nov 30 '15 at 15:23
• Couldn't you still get incentive to compete if you have a shot at making the "best" product? If you can't make the best product, then I don't know why you would want to make one at all. – Kelmikra Dec 1 '15 at 16:30
• I am sorry, I am not following your logic. I think "best" is subjective, and my real intent from my answer was to point out that giving up on your own product because it is not the "best" would mean that a lot of products would not ever be made, or improved. I think that that would stifle competition. – JGTaylor Dec 1 '15 at 17:47
• I understand that if everyone used the "best," many products would not be made. However, I'm not clear on how that would stifle competition. The products that would still have a shot at becoming the "best" would still be made, and only the products that would have no chance of becoming the best wouldn't be made. Sorry if I'm being thick-headed. – Kelmikra Dec 2 '15 at 10:08