First: for year 0, I do not know why the cash flow = $- 1000 / ( 1 + 0.10)^0 = 909.01$ Second: for year 1, if cash flow = $30,000-5000/(1+0.10)^1 = 25 454 $ How is "Cash Flow" column useful in getting the "Present Value" column? [![enter image description here][1]][1] [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/Lc6Kj.png