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This is an excellent question, but unfortunately with no (yet) agreed upon answer. Many authors such as in those seminal papers use cross-validation for this. This is basically what is implied in th …

You should cluster on level where you believe the autocorrelation or heteroskedasticity occurs. If you don’t have enough clusters at a given level, for example, if you believe the above mentioned pro …

Pre treatment mean is simply the mean estimate of a variable before treatment was implemented. There isn't a single way to estimate mean so there isn't a single way to estimate pre-treatment mean. A s …

The reason for that is that 2SLS does not solve omitted variable bias without its cost. First, for every omitted variable you would have to find suitable instrument. Finding instruments is incredibly …

Depends on a trend. Trends come generally in two categories: Deterministic trend - this can be controlled for using various methods. For example, in panel regression you could include time fixed eff …

Based on the clarification in your comment this is not because you use scale variables but because the scale variable that you use is self-reported. It is well known in literature that self-reporting …

In your question you talk about coding so I will address primarily the question of coding. You should definitely code it using suggested 0 for a, 1 for b, 2 for c and 3 for d regardless of whether y …

Standard error is not sd but se. Standard error is related to sd but they are not the same $\text{se}=\frac{sd}{\sqrt{n}}$. You can also confirm here that in the first case $1.41\approx 4.46/\sqrt{10 …

First, that is only a rule of thumb, exact number of clusters you need in any case is context dependent. Second, actually as pointed out by Cameron et al (2008): A practical limitation of inference w …

yes the way how your model is set up $\beta_1$ would be immediate effect/multiplier and $\beta_1+\beta_2+\beta_3$ the long-run one. However, an important caveat is that this is due to the way how you …

Depends on what the dummies are and what is the specification of the model you are using. When you multiply two dummies you are creating what is called an interaction term. Generally speaking you can …

Yes confidence level always depends on choice of a researcher (at least in principle). There is no reason to use $90\%$, $95\%$ or $99\%$ level either - it is more or less just convention. For examp …

The most straightforward way is to examine the coefficients of your VAR model, since the persistence is broadly understood in econometrics as a system dependence on its own past (see Verbeek (2008): a …

Here are some good guides on this topic: Bayesian Inference 2019 from Ville Hyvönen & Topias Tolonen. - this is good guide to Bayesian inference in general. They have separate chapter on hierarchica …

Is there a standard way to control for local price effects when comparing incomes across regions? Yes this can be done using the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) to adjust for purchasing power differen …