39
Very obscure historical example:
From 1287 to 1295, the Danish nobleman Stig Andersen Hvide was leading a band of outlaws from the island of Hjelm supported by the king of Norway against the king of Denmark. Stig managed to kidnap expert coin makers and bring them to Hjelm, where they produced counterfeit Danish coins.
This allowed Stig and his supporters to ...
37
If you ask yourself how much a potential employer would have to pay you to convince you to work for him, the answer is probably something like "at least as much as I could earn by doing the same job for another employer". So, provided there are several employers competing to hire workers, you can think of employers as bidding against each other for the best ...
29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bernhard (an exercise by Nazi Germany to forge British bank notes. The initial plan was to drop the notes over Britain to bring about a collapse of the British economy during the Second World War. )
18
I suggest to learn more about the Economics of Superstars. Within the economics field, the "superstar" term is "...used to refer to extreme wage outliers (Adler, 1985; Rosen, 1981). These outliers are such that in a labor market there appears to be a convex relationship between wages and skills (Lucifora & Simmons, 2003). There are two main competing, ...
13
David Petruccelli writes in "Banknotes from the Underground: Counterfeiting and the International Order in Interwar Europe"
In December 1925, a group of Hungarian nationalists were caught trying to put into circulation a large quantity of counterfeit francs in a bid to weaken the French economy and fund irredentist action in Central Europe.
Edit:
...
12
"Worth less" than before - yes, that's exactly what inflation does.
"Worthless" - not quite. No percentage-based reduction in value can make something worth 0, but there are extreme examples from history of times inflation has spiralled so far out of control ("hyperinflation"), money became worth less than the paper it was printed on, and life savings ...
9
According to this official link
Does the Federal Reserve ever get audited?
Yes, the Board of Governors, the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, and the
Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of
audit and review:
The Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducts numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities.
The Board'...
9
$p\cdot z(p)$ is total revenue (price times quantity), and so its derivative $\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dp}pz(p)=pz'(p)+z(p)$ is marginal revenue.
8
Because Greece sets a precedent for Italy, Spain and Portugal (and others).
And a default of Italy (and Greece) might will cause financial difficulties in France.
If the interest rates for Italy and Portugal rise (they do now), then those countries are even more unlikely to repay their debt.
And meanwhile, somebody has to write them off.
Greece in ...
7
Considering this is an Economics Stack Exchange site, I’m going to answer in the spectre of Financial Economics. These are the most foundational equations and ideas of Financial Economics to understand more complex applied or academic research.
1. Gross yield
The gross yield is the yield on an investment before the deduction of taxes and expenses.
$$1+R_{t+...
7
This is an important result in financial economics (asset pricing) but not trivial to explain intuitively. I do my best to give you the big picture and get you started on your research.
R is the return on an asset or portfolio. Any asset or portfolio.
m is the stochastic discount factor or pricing kernel.
The expectation here is over possible states ...
7
Let $P = \alpha A + (1-\alpha) B$ where $A$ and $B$ are returns (random) from the two assets, and $P$ is their portfolio.
Variance of portfolio $P$ can therefore be written as
\begin{eqnarray*} \sigma^2_P & = & \alpha^2 \sigma^2_A + (1-\alpha)^2 \sigma^2_B + 2\alpha (1-\alpha)\text{Cov}(A, B) \\ & \leq &\alpha^2 \sigma^2_A + (1-\alpha)^2 \...
6
1) Would lead to the return of general panic led bank runs, and introduce additional instability to the system.
It´s not generally appreciated, that 19th century bank runs were not just a symptom of insolvency or illiquidity, but were also occasionally triggered by competitors (other banks) spreading rumours. Generally this is a bad idea that rests on the ...
6
ICAPM Factors
People have chosen different ways to pick factors. Chen, Roll and Ross are a classic example of attempts to find reasonable ICAPM factors. Fama-French factors are often explained as correlated with underlying ICAPM factors. Other researchers have chosen to look for factors without assuming outwardly observable exposures by analyzing returns ...
6
The seminal paper in this area with over 3,000 citations is by Shleifer and Vishney:
Textbook arbitrage in financial markets requires no capital and
entails no risk. In reality, almost all arbitrage requires capital,
and is typically risky. Moreover, professional arbitrage is conducted
by a relatively small number of highly specialized investors ...
6
Weighted Average Maturity of Marketable Debt
6
People have argued that if $P \neq NP$ then efficient markets are impossible and certain equalibria may not exist. However, they may hold approximately, so I'm not sure if this qualifies. Additionally, if it turns out that $P=NP$ then certain economic optimization problems (e.g. in logistics) become easily solvable. On the other hand, if $P \neq NP$ then it ...
6
While whomever told you about "shadow banking" in China is correct that in an international context, the term can often refer to informal banking arrangements (the earliest use of the term); however, these days, it is usually used in the sense first coined by Paul McCulley in a speech he delivered ("Teton Reflections") at the 2007 Jackson ...
6
The question is quite complex and an answer should be far beyond looking only at the structure of the derivatives, but i try my best.
The initial situation:
Between 1998 and 2006, the price of the typical American house increased by 124%
Global saving glut due to the dotcom-bubble in the early 2000s, seeking institutions for alternative investments, ...
6
There's a fair amount to unpack in the question, so it might be useful to take it step by step, and consider everything from a more abstract, economic theory perspective.
...those who are more hardworking (or, at least, those who are more skilled) are essentially punished....
We should be careful making statements like this for a couple of reasons. First,...
6
Examples where this happens are always extreme and contrived. I can think of two kinds of examples. The first is where you have an asset that for some reason has a price of zero or negative but a positive payoff in some states (perhaps no other asset pays off in that state). The second is where you have two assets with positive prices that have negative ...
6
...no-arbitrage models (such as Black-Scholes and HJM) are equivalent to
equilibrium models (such as CAPM or C-CAPM).
Short Answer Yes, for models where asset prices are assumed to be Ito semimartingales (where the martingale part is a Brownian integral), although a more general argument is needed than that suggested by the special cases typically ...
5
The first equation can be written as:
$$ r_E(Levered) = \frac{E+D}{E}r_E(Unlevered) - \frac{D}{E}r_D $$
Then, isolating the unlevered return gives:
$$ r_E(Unlevered) = \frac{E}{E+D}r_E(Levered) + \frac{D}{E+D}r_D$$
And this is the WACC.
5
Easiest fix: if you're worried about it you should value weight your results. This is suggest by, for instance, Kothari, Shanken and Sloan (1995). Firms that are delisted tend to have extremely small market cap, so value weighting gives them very little impact on summary statistics. Delisted returns should also be used, although I'm not sure how much impact ...
5
If I'm to give a single reference on learning six years of economics by yourself, it would be
MIT Economics Course
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/economics/
The MIT has the best graduate economic program, and its undergrad program is definitely in the top 3. The faculty is technical-oriented, which means a lot of math, so you'll be well prepared.
The list of ...
5
Not paying a mortgage is first known as delinquency (when payments are missed) and later, default (when the loan is written down and the lender seeks foreclosure). But an inability to pay has no particular term of art attached to it, because an inability to pay can arise either out of illiquidity (debts exceed liquid assets) or insolvency (debts exceed ...
5
People, particularly business leaders, seem to remain confused about this issue even today. At the core of is the question Is equity finance expensive?. We certainly observe in the data that the realized returns on firm debt are much lower than the realized returns on firm equity. Does this mean that firms have too much equity?
If equity capital always ...
5
$\newcommand{\dd}{\, \mathrm{d}}$
If we apply Ito's lemma,
then
\begin{align*}
\dd \xi_t &= -\xi_t \dd X_t + \frac 12 \xi_t (\dd X_t)^2\\
&= -\xi_t \left(\frac 12 \lambda_t^2 \dd t + \lambda_t \dd z_t\right) + \frac 12 \xi_t \lambda_t^2 \dd t \\
&= -\xi_t \lambda \dd z_t.
\end{align*}
5
The other answers already give a good explanation about how actors are not easily replaced. But I'd like to highlight a flaw in the premise of your question: namely that you are cherry-picking data. You cannot consider the median wage of actors/actresses without considering the entire cohort. You are only looking at the winners, if it were possible (and ...
5
From the New York Fed:
Shadow banks intermediate credit through a wide range of securitization and secured funding
techniques such as asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), asset-backed securities (ABS),
collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and repurchase agreements (repos).
These sorts of things are issued through SIVs, structured investment ...
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