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6

These papers could be interesting to you. First, a classical contribution: Singh Nirvikar and Xavier Vives, 1984. "Price and Quantity Competition in a Differentiated Duopoly," RAND Journal of Economics, vol. 15(4), pages 546-554. And these two interesting papers, using the concept of competition toughness to reconcile Cournot and Bertrand: d'Aspremont, ...

5

Question: is the following correct ? $$\frac{dL}{dq}=1/\frac{\partial q}{\partial L},\;\frac{dK}{dq}=1/\frac{\partial q}{\partial K}$$ In general, no. Since $q= f(L,K)$ is a multivariable, single-valued function, then by the implicit function theorem applied on the implied equation $H = f(L,K)-q=0$, what we can say is only that $$\frac {\partial L}{\... 4 The contract curve is the locus of Pareto optimal points in an Edgeworth box. What we get from that: To be P.O., an allocation must be feasible. So, the contract curve does not extend beyond the edges of the box (opposed to indifference curves, which we can draw as extending beyond the edges of the box) because points outside the Edgeworth box are not ... 4 It is valid but only in the short run with the assumption that the capital is fixed. By assuming that output depends on labor and capital you can write$$q=q(L,K)$$Now taking the total derivative$$dq=\frac{\partial q}{\partial L}dL+\frac{\partial q}{\partial K}dK$$In the short run capital is fixed such as dK=0$$\longrightarrow\quad dq=\frac{\...

4

There is a large economic literature on intellectual property rights. However, the issue seems far from settled on what even the optimal duration for patents are. Note that open source is even a step further than a 0 day patent duration. A strong case for your view would probably be found in Boldrin/Levine: http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/general/intellectual/...

4

Yes, if there are non-zero fixed costs, and constant marginal cost, then average cost decreases strictly monotonically with quantity, asymptotic to the marginal cost.

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Short answer: Yes, it is possible. Decreasing average cost implies that marginal cost is less than average cost ($MC<AC$, which can be proved by simply taking the first derivative of $C(q)/q$). With constant marginal cost, there exists a simple linear cost function $C(q)=F+a\times q$ that satisfies the constant $MC$ condition, where the constant $F$ is ...

4

Suppose that, initially, crop A is the most profitable crop that can be grown on a particular farm, yielding an average annual profit of \$X, profit being measured after deduction of all costs (including a normal return to the farmer) other than the cost of the property (ie the land). In a competitive property market, the capital value of the property might ... 3 By Roy's Identity we have that Marshallian (uncompensated) demand for good$x_i$is $$x_i^M = \frac {\partial U^*/\partial p_i}{\partial U^*/\partial B} \tag{1}$$ where$U^*$is optimized utility over goods vector$\mathbf x = (x_1,...,x_i,...x_n)$and$B$, which is the available budget, and given the price vector$\mathbf p = (p_1,...,p_i,...,p_n)$. To ... 3 The problem with$\rho>1$is that it means the marginal product of factors is not decreasing ($\rho<1$) or constant ($\rho=1$) but increasing, which is an odd assumption. Such functions yield isoquants that are concave, and might lead to only one factor being used (as BKay said). As in any generic CES, the marginal product of factor$x_i$is $$MP_i =... 3 Here is my attempt at this question, it's incomplete and/or incorrect so please help make suggestions and I will edit this. Cost Minimization Since f(x_1,x_2) is not quasi-concave, the corresponding isoquant curves are not going to be covex to the origin (i.e. their upper contour set will not be convex). In this case firm should employ corner solution ... 3 A homothetic function can be characterized as follows: Let f(\mathbf x), \mathbf x \in \mathbb R^n be a function homogeneous of degree r. Let g() be a function with g'\neq 0. Then$$G(\mathbf x) = g[f(\mathbf x)]$$is homothetic. Since f(\mathbf x) is homogeneous of degree r we have that$$f(\lambda \mathbf x) = \lambda ^ rf(\mathbf x) $$... 2 The question "how are the first order conditions" seems very unclear to me, and I am providing a set-up for finding and writing them out, while explaining the Kuhn-Tucker conditions that are easy to struggle with. Though we try to avoid giving away basic study question answers, it's a positively voted question without an answer, and I still think these ... 2 A constant elasticity demand function has the form q=p^{-\epsilon}. Let's check this indeed gives us a constant elasticity...$$\frac{d q}{dp}=-\epsilon p^{-\epsilon-1}$$so, as we'd hoped, the elasticity is constant:$$\frac{d q}{dp}\frac{p}{q}=-\epsilon p^{-\epsilon-1}\frac{p}{p^{-\epsilon}}=-\epsilon p^{-\epsilon-1+1+\epsilon}=-\epsilon p^{0}=-\epsilon.$...

2

The classic reference on this topic (as suggested by my professor) is the book; Theory of Cost and Production Functions by Ronald Shepherd.

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I have figured this as the answer to this question; As we know profit maximization problem is given as, $$\pi(p,w) = \mathop{max}_{\textbf{y}}\quad p.y - C(\overrightarrow{w},y)$$ When $f(\overrightarrow{x})$ is homothetic, $$C(\overrightarrow{w},y)=h(y).C(\overrightarrow{w},{1})$$ Substituting in the profit function gives; $$\pi(p,w) = \mathop{max}... 2 Sorry I don't have enough reputation yet in the Economics community to comment. But the answer provided by @Alecos Papadopoulos can be illustrated further. Please feel free to move my "answer" to comments of his answer. With the assumption of only F' > 0 and F > 0 and h' > 0, then there is a simple case where the minimization problem has no ... 2 Some economists (Oliver Hart and John Moore are among the most prominent) have developed a "theory of the firm" which could help address some of the issues involved. One of the considerations in that theory is that the different parties involved in production can 'hold-up' each other. For example, in this case, the brake manufacturer or the auto manufacturer ... 2 One way to look at this is through the idea of "fixed costs". It only makes sense to pay the fixed cost if the market is big enough. There is very likely a large a fixed cost of entering a market. You have to establish a network of retailers or at least distribution channels, a way for the customers to return the defective units, partners that will also ... 2 I believe the answer is true. Giffen goods are goods where the income effect overpowers the substitution effect.$$\begin{align} \max_{\vec x} \ \ \ & U(\vec x) \\ & \text{s.t.} \ \ \ \vec p \cdot \vec x \leq I \end{align} To start, if you think about the consumer's problem (for example utility maximization, here), a change in a good's price ...

2

Given the production function \begin{eqnarray*} F(L) = 10 \sqrt{L} - 2L \end{eqnarray*} marginal product is \begin{eqnarray*} F'(L) = \frac{5}{ \sqrt{L}} - 2 \end{eqnarray*} Since there is no cost for the family for using its own labor and it cannot hire from outside, family will maximize its production subject to the constraint that it has 4 units of ...

2

We say that $x \le y$ when $x_i \le y_i$ for each $i=1,\ldots,n$. If the production set can be represented by a production function $F$, and $F$ is homogeneous of degree $r < 1$ ($F(\lambda x) = \lambda^r F(x)$ for $\lambda >0$), then the production set satisfies the non-increasing returns to scale property you state. Moreover, if $F(0)=0$, and $F$ is ...

2

The statement "In the short run, only the minimum point on the SRAC curve is productively efficient" is false. Suppose producing 1 unit of a good costs 5 dollars. 2 unit costs 8, x>2 units costs 5x. Clearly AC is minimal if you produce 2 units. But perhaps I do not want two units of the good, only one. Why spend the extra 3 dollars on the second good? ...

1

I came here to answer this question again because I feel like I omitted important points. Schools don't present your typical production function. They're multi-product firms with several inputs with varying degrees of substitutability and complementarity. Different outputs (such as human capital, student health and socio-emotional skills) aren't necessarily ...

1

Epple and Romano (AER 1998) developed an interesting general equilibrium model with peer effects. It clearly diagnoses school's pricing strategies. The model predicts that competition will lead private schools to give tuition discounts to more able students, and that this will give rise to an equilibrium exhibiting stratification by income and ability ...

1

The weights are usually called "distribution parameters" (top of page 12 of linked document), as they correspond, in the case of a Cobb-Douglas, to each factors share in total output. For example, if the two factors were labour and capital respectively, $(1-\omega)$ would be the labour share, and $\omega$ would be the capital share. Because in the case of a ...

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At the time period in which you buy the new retail goods, the cost of having bought the old inventory goods is now a sunk cost. Your pricing decision I don't think should be based on the price of the old inventory. The new point where marginal cost equals marginal benefit (assuming competitiveness) is now the price of the new stock (more expensive). Without ...

1

There are no Giffen inputs. Suppose there are $l$-goods, including all inputs and outputs. A price system is then a vector $p=(p_1,\ldots,p_l)\in\mathbb{R}^l$. One can give a firms production decision by a production plan $y=(y_1,\ldots,y_l)\in\mathbb{R}^l$. The idea is that $y_j$ denotes the net output produced of good $j$. If it is an input, this entry is ...

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Interesting! My guess is that: A) Fast food places are in the business of solving the masses nutricional needs (low margins!), while other restaurants are more in the business of selling a special experience that you could do without (high margins!): Article mentioning lower margin breakfast foods. B) Because of the above, people will go to a fast food ...

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This question makes a hidden assumption: that all diners are on the same circadian rhythm. A significant portion of the US population works nights, spans time zones, etc. For example, truckers. That's one answer, that addresses the market. There's also the question of inventory logistics for the restaurant. Most eateries have to do extensive prep for a ...

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