# Rosen's Diagonal Strict Concavity condition

Consider a game with $n$ players, with strategy space $S \subset \mathbb{R}$, where $S$ is bounded set, and player's $i$ payoff function $\pi_i:S^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$. Rosen's condition (J. B. Rosen. Existence and uniqueness of equilibrium points for concave n-person games. Econometrica, 33(3):520–534, 1965) for uniqueness of the Nash Equilibrium in n players game states that the equlibrium will be unique when

1. payoff function $\pi_i(\textbf{s}) \; i \in N$ is concave in own strategy
2. There exists vector $\textbf{z}$ ($(\forall i \in N)(z_i \geq 0)\ \wedge (\exists i \in N) (z_i >0)$ such that function $\sigma(\mathbf{s}, \mathbf{z})=\sum_{i=1}^{n}z_i\pi_i({\textbf{s}})$ is diagonally strictly concave

$N$ denotes the set of players.

To define the concept of diagonal strict concavity, fist introduce 'pseudogradient' of function $\sigma$, defined with: \begin{align} g(\mathbf{s},\mathbf{z}) = \begin{pmatrix} z_1\frac{\partial \pi_1(\mathbf{s})}{\partial s_1} \\ z_2\frac{\partial \pi_2(\mathbf{s})}{\partial s_2} \\ ... \\ z_n\frac{\partial \pi_n(\mathbf{s})}{\partial s_n}% \end{pmatrix} \end{align} Then, function $\sigma$ is said to be diagonally strictly dominant in $\mathbf{s} \in S$ for fixed $\mathbf{z} \geq 0$ if for every $\mathbf{s}^0, \mathbf{s}^1 \in S$ the following holds: \begin{align} (\mathbf{s}^1 - \mathbf{s}^0)'g(\mathbf{s}^{0}, \mathbf{z}) + (\mathbf{s}^0 - \mathbf{s}^1)'g(\mathbf{s}^{1}, \mathbf{z})>0 \end{align}

It is shown, in the paper I cite in the beginning, that a sufficient condition for $\sigma$ to be diagonally striclty concave is that matrix $\left[G(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{z}) +G(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{z})' \right]$ is negative defite for $\mathbf{s} \in S$, where $G(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{z})$ is Jacobian of pseudogradient $g$ with respect to $\mathbf{s}$. I use ' to denote transpose of a matrix. What is the intuition behind diagonal strict concavity condition?

The diagonally strict concavity property is better known as the strict monotonicity property of the pseudo-gradient.

An operator $$\Psi:\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n$$ is strictly monotone if the following holds true: $$\forall x_0, x_1 \in \mathbb{R}^n: \left< x_0 - x_1, \Psi(x_0) - \Psi(x_1) \right> >0.$$

In your case $$\Psi$$ would be $$g$$. The intuition behind it is that for every line of $$R^n$$, the projection of $$\Psi$$ on that line is strictly monotone.

I join here an example: the payoff function are given by $$\varphi_i$$ for both players $$i \in {1,2}$$.

So you want to find a maximum of $\sigma(s,z)$. If $\sigma$ is diagonally strictly concave you can do so by starting at any point and just following the gradient $g(s,z)$ until you find the maximum and no matter where you start, you will always end up at the same point (Start at the lower black points and follow the direction of the gradient (the direction of the steepest ascent).).

However, if $\sigma$ isn't diagonally strictly concave, you could end up at different maxima by starting at an arbitrary point and following the gradient (Follow the direction of the steepest ascent starting from the two lower black dots; you'll end up at two different points.).

• Thanks for your answer! What you write is essentially one of the results in the original Rosen's paper. When I say intuition I mean what property of the strategic interaction in the game is captured by the strict concavity condition? For example, does this condition say something about how other players' actions affect player i's payoff, or how player i's action affects other players' payoff in the game. Sorry if I wasn't clear enough in the question. Oct 17 '18 at 7:29